How to Establish Relationships with Chn and Young People Free Essays

Free Essays on Beatles Invasion

Beatles Invasion In 1964, the world’s most noteworthy awesome band attacked the United States. They are known as The Beatles. The Beatles raged the U.S. diagrams and continued to make music history and become acclaimed worldwide.(Eder 1) The Beatles are the most popular artists on the planet, and 1964 was their intrusion into the United States. The single, â€Å"I Want To Hold Your Hand,† was the Beatles’ first locally discharged single.(Beatles 2) Capitol Records discharged it on a free label.(Eder 3) Shortly after its discharge to people in general on December 26, 1963, it was a main solicitation for some youthful young people on the radio, as per the Billboard Music Charts. It would just be two months after this that the Beatles would show up before an across the nation crowd on The Ed Sullivan show.(Eder 3) The Ed Sullivan show appearance would not be the first, be that as it may. The Beatles drew seventy million watchers on their freshman performance.(Ebert 1) Ed, seeing the evaluations they drew and group response that these four youngsters from Liverpool got, concluded he would have them back on the show various times.(McCartney 214) After this appearance the Beatles’ record deals surpassed the, thought to be, unbreakable numbers in the United Kingdom. After one month after this appearance, the Beatles would have the best five top of the line openings on the United States music diagrams. The pundits slammed the Beatles during their 1964 through 1970 profession run. Most pundits, when asked, said they were simply the â€Å"flavor of the week† and said that they ought to assimilate all the fifteen minutes of acclaim they could retain. During their initial vocation run in 1964, the Beatles were portrayed by a couple of things. The melodies were generally simply straightforward harmonies played with support vocals.(Loder 1) The verses likewise coordinated the effortlessness in that they were about glad things. They had not arrived at the composing development they would later s... Free Essays on Beatles Invasion Free Essays on Beatles Invasion Beatles Invasion In 1964, the world’s most prominent awesome band attacked the United States. They are known as The Beatles. The Beatles raged the U.S. graphs and continued to make music history and become well known worldwide.(Eder 1) The Beatles are the most acclaimed performers on the planet, and 1964 was their attack into the United States. The single, â€Å"I Want To Hold Your Hand,† was the Beatles’ first locally discharged single.(Beatles 2) Capitol Records discharged it on a free label.(Eder 3) Shortly after its discharge to the general population on December 26, 1963, it was a main solicitation for some youthful adolescents on the radio, as indicated by the Billboard Music Charts. It would just be two months after this that the Beatles would show up before an across the country crowd on The Ed Sullivan show.(Eder 3) The Ed Sullivan show appearance would not be the first, be that as it may. The Beatles drew seventy million watchers on their new kid on the block performance.(Ebert 1) Ed, seeing the appraisals they drew and group response that these four youngsters from Liverpool got, concluded he would have them back on the show various times.(McCartney 214) After this appearance the Beatles’ record deals surpassed the, thought to be, unbreakable numbers in the United Kingdom. After one month after this appearance, the Beatles would have the best five smash hit spaces on the United States music diagrams. The pundits slammed the Beatles during their 1964 through 1970 vocation run. Most pundits, when asked, said they were simply the â€Å"flavor of the week† and said that they ought to ingest all the fifteen minutes of acclaim they could retain. During their initial vocation run in 1964, the Beatles were portrayed by a couple of things. The melodies were for the most part simply straightforward harmonies played with sponsorship vocals.(Loder 1) The verses additionally coordinated the straightforwardness in that they were about upbeat things. They had not arrived at the composing development they would later s...

Why Some Disorders Are Not Found in the DSM-5

Why Some Disorders Are Not Found in the DSM-5 Basics Print Disorders Missing in the DSM-5 By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 12, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 Roy Scott/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and is used by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists to diagnose mental disorders. The first edition of the DSM was published in 1952. While it has gone through a number of revisions over the intervening years, it remains the definitive text on mental disorders. Todays version of the diagnostic manual, the DSM-5, was published in May of 2013 and describes many different disorders including mood disorders, bipolar and related disorders, anxiety disorders, feeding and eating disorders, and substance use disorders. Despite the number of disorders included in the current version of the DSM, there are still some things that you wont find in the manual. Certain conditions, while still diagnosed by some doctors and psychiatrists, are not formally recognized as distinct disorders in the DSM-5. Conditions Not Listed While the DSM contains a large number of disorders, it is not a necessarily exhaustive list of every condition that might exist. Some of the conditions currently not recognized in the DSM-5 include: OrthorexiaSex addictionAspergers syndromeParental alienation syndromePathological demand avoidanceInternet addictionSensory processing disorderMisophonia Why exactly are some conditions listed in the DSM while others are not? In many cases, it comes down to the amount of research available on the suspected disorder. For example, while internet addiction is a proposed diagnosis, there is still a great deal of controversy over whether it should be considered a discrete condition or if it may be a manifestation of another disorder. Some experts argue that internet addiction features many of the symptoms associated with other disorders that are recognized by the DSM, including excessive use, negative consequences associated with use, withdrawal, and tolerance. Others suggest that it is premature to consider it a distinct diagnosis and that the term addiction itself has become overused. If every gratified craving from heroin to designer handbags is a symptom of addiction, then the term explains everything and nothing, noted one commentator. Conditions listed in the DSM typically have a long history of research with plenty of empirical data on symptoms, prevalence, and treatments to back up their inclusion. For many of the proposed disorders missing in the DSM, this research simply is not thereâ€"at least not yet. Orthorexia as an Example Consider the condition  orthorexia. The term orthorexia was first coined in 1996 and is usually defined as an obsession with healthy eating.  According to the proposed diagnostic criteria presented by the doctor who first identified the condition, orthorexia symptoms include a preoccupation with a restrictive diet designed to achieve optimal health. Such dietary restrictions often involve the elimination or restriction of entire food groups. When these self-imposed rules are violated, the individual may be left with extreme feelings of anxiety, shame, and fear of disease. Such symptoms can lead to severe weight loss, malnutrition,  stress, and body image issues. But you wont find these symptoms discussed in the DSM-5. Thats because orthorexia is not recognized as an official disorder in the DSM. Why is this?  Orthorexia is a relatively new label applied to a condition that has not received a tremendous amount of research. Dr. Stephen Bratman, the physician who initially proposed the condition, did not think of it as a serious diagnosis until he discovered that people not only identified with the  proposed diagnosis but that some might actually be dying from it. While there is a lack of empirical studies on the symptoms and prevalence of orthorexia, Dr. Bratman and others suggest that there is sufficient anecdotal evidence to encourage further research and possible consideration as a distinct condition. How New Disorders Make It Into the DSM So what does the DSM committee look for when determining which disorders should be included in the diagnostic manual? Revisions to the manual were influenced by the latest research in neuroscience, problems that had been identified in the previous version of the manual, and a desire to better align the manual with the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases. How Does the ICD-11 Compare to the DSM-5? Early on in the revision process, more than 400 experts from diverse fields including psychiatry, psychology, epidemiology, primary care, neurology, pediatrics, and research participated in a series of international conferences that resulted in the production of monographs designed to help inform the DSM-5 Task Force as they built proposals for changes to the diagnostic manual. Once a disorder has been proposed for the conclusion, the committee reviews the existing research on the condition and may even commission studies to further explore the proposed disorder. The decision then ultimately rests with the DSM task force. The process of adding new disorders is not without controversy. According to one study, more than half of the experts in charge of compiling the DSM-IV had financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry. Such connections trouble critics, who feel that the inclusion of some disorders may be more linked to their potential to generate big bucks for drug companies. Disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, these critics charge, may be present at least in part because they encourage prescribing high-profit anti-depressant and anti-anxiety drugs. What If You Have a Condition That Isnt in the DSM-5? So what does it mean for patients who have symptoms of a condition not recognized by the official diagnostic manual? For some people, it might mean the difference between receiving mental health treatment and not having access to care. The DSM helps provide clinicians, doctors, and psychiatrists a shared language for discussing mental disorders, but it also plays an important role in insurance reimbursement. A diagnosis is often a requirement in order to receive insurance payment for mental health services. In some cases, patients may only be able to pay for treatment if they receive a diagnosis recognized by the DSM-5. For some people, not seeing their condition in the DSM-5 can add to feelings of alienation. While some people find the labeling of mental conditions limiting and overly stigmatizing, others find it helpful and feel that inclusion in the DSM represents that their symptoms are recognized by the medical community. An official diagnosis offers hope to these patients, who may finally feel that they have found not only an explanation that accounts for their symptoms, but also the possibility that they can successfully cope with or recover from their disorder. Changes in the Latest Edition of the DSM In the most recent edition of the diagnostic manual, some previously recognized disorders were actually removed. Aspergers syndrome, for example, was considered a separate diagnosis in the DSM-IV but has been absorbed under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the DSM-5. This decision created considerable controversy as many feared it might potentially mean losing their diagnosis and ultimately lead to a loss of various types of essential services. Another change was the removal of the not otherwise specified diagnosis from the DSM-5. This diagnosis covered patients who had some of the symptoms of a disorder but did not meet the full set of criteria. In the DSM-5, the not otherwise specified option has either been removed for most categories of disorders or replaced with other specified disorder or unspecified disorder. Symptoms that fail to meet the diagnostic criteria for a recognized mental disorder may fall under the broad category of other mental disorders. The DSM-5 recognizes four disorders in this category: Other specified mental disorder due to a medical conditionUnspecified mental disorder due to a medical conditionOther specified mental disorderUnspecified mental disorder The catch-all category of unspecified mental disorder also drew criticism from some psychiatrists and psychologists for what they feel is a lack of precision. The only criterion for receiving the diagnosis is that the patient does not meet the full criteria for any mental disorder. This, they suggest, might mean that people fail to receive a correct and more specific diagnosis which might ultimately lead to them not receiving the right treatment for their condition. Provisional and Differential Diagnoses While many substance use disorders are recognized in the DSM, those involving food, sex, caffeine, and the Internet didnt make the cut in the current edition. However, both caffeine use and internet gaming are listed as conditions that need further research and may be considered in future updates to the manual. Conditions for Further Study Are there other conditions that might deserve future inclusion in the DSM? The manual also includes a section on conditions for further study. While these conditions are not accepted as distinct disorders in the current version of the DSM, the manual recognizes that they warrant further investigation and may be included in future editions of the manual depending upon the  evidence presented. This section of the DSM-5 can be thought of as almost something of a waiting list. Research on these conditions is considered limited at the present time, but further study into things such as prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and risk factors is encouraged. Which disorders are currently listed in this section of the DSM-5? There are currently eight different conditions identified as needing further study: Attenuated Psychosis SyndromeDepressive Episodes With Short-Duration HypomaniaPersistent Complex Bereavement DisordersNeurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol ExposureSuicidal Behavior DisorderNonsuicidal Self-InjuryCaffeine Use DisorderInternet Gaming Disorder While these conditions may not be recognized as discrete disorders at this time, they may end up becoming full-fledged diagnoses in future versions of the DSM. Whats Next?  Real-Time Updates to the DSM One criticism of the DSM is that the manual itself often does not keep pace with current research on different disorders. While the most recent edition of the manual was published in 2013, its predecessor, the DSM-IV, was nearly 20 years old by the time the fifth edition was released. Writing for STAT, psychiatrist Michael B. First explains that the APAs goal is to make it easier to update the manual in order to reflect the latest research and other changes in the field of psychiatry. First is a member of the APAs new DSM Steering Committee, which hopes to take advantage of the immediacy of digital publishing to keep the DSM more up-to-date. The goal is to develop a model that allows the diagnostic manual to continually improve and base updates upon solid data and empirical evidence. In doing so, they hope that the future of the DSM will fully reflect scientific advances more quickly than the older revision processes, which will ultimately serve to help psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and other mental health care providers better serve their patients. A Word From Verywell While the DSM-5 may not include every condition that might exist, it is an important tool for accurately diagnosing and treating mental illness. Some conditions may not currently appear in the manual, but that might change in future editions if the research warrants their inclusion. If you feel that you have the symptoms of a disorder that may or may not be listed in the DSM, consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation in order to receive a diagnosis and treatment.

The Pioneer Investigation And Findings From Brown Kulik...

Recollections of vivid autobiographical episodic memories formed when an individual experiences intense emotions, generating from a surprising public event defines Flashbulb memories (FBMs). Permanent and consistent remembrances processed cognitively and stored as explicit recollections in long term memory are additional features of FBMs (Goldstein, 2014). Brown Kulik (1977) first proposed this phenomenon and argued FBMs are resistant to change like photographs. The ongoing debate over the process of cognition in relation to storing and recalling FBMs led numerous researchers to advance their understanding of the mental processing of FBMs and to evaluate the impact emotions have on memories. This paper discusses the pioneer investigation and findings from Brown Kulik’s 1977. It further explores debates opposing their unique theory of FBMs and the apparent inadequacies of their conclusions. Additionally, this paper examines plausible hypotheses from researchers for the format ion of FBMs like rehearsal of events and the inconsistencies of FBMs, their distortions and the decay FBMs experience over time. It then evaluates a contemporary study on FBMs and the necessity for future studies to develop a method to measure FBMs. This is imperative in order to gain a deeper understanding of the influences emotions have on shaping, processing and storing FBMs cognitively and consequently how it impacts on our daily lives. One theory of how emotion may influence the cognitive

The History of African-Americans to Attain Equality and...

The History of African-Americans to Attain Equality and Civil Rights Introduction The history of the struggle for the advancement and progression of African Americans is a larger-than-life story. It reveals their endeavors for the initiation of change in political, financial, educational, and societal conditions. They did everything to shape their future and that of their country i.e. the United States of America. This struggle for the attainment of equal rights has helped them to determine the path and the pace of their improvement and development (Taylor Mungazi, 2001, p. 1). It is widely acknowledged that the African-American freedom struggle and their relentless works to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation have accomplished further than the eradication of racial and national barriers. The mass militancy not only knocked over the system introduced by Jim Crow but completely transformed the nature of traditional social relationships and civilizing medians. Moreover, the freedom struggle not only changed the legal status of black Americans but also helped in achieving the significant changes in ethnic awareness (Carson, 1993, p. 3). In simple words, the civil rights movement was not simply an attempt for the achievement of national civil rights reform. It carried within it much more than that. It facilitated the generation of embryonic norms and ethics just like any other civil movement. These reforms helped in the removal of barriers to the liberty ofShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence : The Rights Of Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness854 Words   |  4 Pagesunalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† Many groups of Americans such as African Americans, Native Americans, and women have been denied the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness – which is why the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† is a phrase that has been used loosely, as it was often contradicted throughout history. Liberty is the power to freely do and chos e what one wants to do. As mentioned before women, Native Americans and AfricanRead MoreThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesProtests have long been an essential part of American life, employed to to draw attention to critical issues,events, and injustices. Ranging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such as Nicaragua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislationRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement1500 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 1960’s, the Civil Rights Movement involved ending segregation and inequality in order for black people in America to attain equality and justice. Although the whites and nonwhites were citizens of the United States of Americ a, the whites had civil rights and they were superior, while the blacks didn’t have the same rights as the whites did and they were considered inferior. Many blacks protested about the blacks rights and eventually more people heard about it and decided to follow alongRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1042 Words   |  5 Pagesand provide the political, educational, social, and economic equality rights of minority groups and citizens; attain equal opportunity of rights and excludes race discrimination between the citizens of the United States. The objectives of this mission are to inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination, to seek enactment and enforcement of federal, state, and local laws, securing civil rights, to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democraticRead MoreEducation And Complex Communication : Booker T Washington1071 Words   |  5 Pagesin the early 19th centu ry, people knew it would take some time for African Americans to progress as a race, and most importantly to join in contributing to an integral part of society. To say people knew might be a tough assumption to make, many people doubted this to ever be a possibility. One of the people who contributed to making this a possibility was Booker T Washington. Booker Taliaferro Washington was an African American educator, author, and advisor to presidents of the United States. BetweenRead MoreAnalysis of the Civil Rights March of 1963988 Words   |  4 PagesDocument Analysis, of the Civil Rights March of 1963 Commencing in the late 19th century, state level governments approved segregation acts, identified as the Jim Crow laws, and assigned limitations on voting requirements that caused the African American population economically and diplomatically helpless (Davis, n.d.). The civil rights movement commenced, intensely and assertively, in the early 1940s when the societal composition of black America took an increasingly urban, popular appeal (KorstadRead MoreDifferences Between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1960’s Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X represented two sides of the Civil Rights Movement. Speaking to all of humanity, Dr. King made these famous peaceful words, â€Å"I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† (King, 1963, para 10). Malcolm X spoke of a violent revolution by claiming, â€Å"If it’s necessary to form a Black Nationalist army, we’llRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.: An American Hero1193 Words   |  5 Pagessoon became the basis of American ideology, and they outlined the new concept of democracy and American government. They represented what America stood for, nevertheless, these words were untrue. Although all men were created equal, they were not treated equally. Blacks were simply thought to be born inferior to Whites. This inequality was due to the excessive racism engraved in American society, which was rooted from the times of slavery in the American South. African Americans went through generationsRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, which lasted from 1865 to the late 1960s, three different amendments were composed and ratified in favor of African Americans. Many famous African Americans, from musicians to authors and leaders to entertainers, spr outed from the influence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activitiesRead MoreThe Long Journey Of African Americans1176 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American has a long history since the time of the slavery in the United States of America. There has been a timeline on how the changes have occurred in political, education, social and economic development of the black Americans. The black people were despised because of their skin color leading to lack of development on their part. They were denied their rights until the late 20th century when their fight for recognition brought the much anticipated results. These changes have gone until

Messages Free Essays

Messages are all around us, and they are able to change how successful we are in life. The messages you receive from your environment dicta the way you act. For example, a study using children and dolls show that messages are conveyed even in the early years of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Messages or any similar topic only for you Order Now A different study showing how our appearance can have an affect on people. In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, â€Å"The Absolutely True Dally of Part-Time Indian,† demonstrates how messages can affect us. The mall character,Junior, has always lived by the preconceived Idea that he was supposed to conform Like everyone else unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him; and It affected the way he thought. If continued, his quality of life. He was always told that white people were above him. This affected how he saw them, he put them on a pedestal. This book shows that people are affected by their environment. The experiment conducted by CNN, The Doll Test, showed that messages even affect the young. It opens our eyes to how well messages invader brains. They presumed thing about the dolls just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have n overwhelming bias toward white, and that black children also have a bias toward white but not nearly as strong as the bias shown by the white children. These messages will eventually grow and affect how they Judge others. A study by freakishness discussed the question, â€Å"can you put a price on looks? † It shows how subconscious feminism/female entitlement is in our culture. Beautiful women have the most power with their looks. Also, the data in the study referred to how much extra income a male of a different skin color would need to make to be as appealing. There hidden messages in the subconscious of all our minds telling swath we want and don’t want. This proves that messages are likely to change how successful we are in life. Messages are all around us, and they are able to change how successful we are In life. Ultimately, messages can effect our future success. Based on the assumptions of others we have different chances of success. Our environment, our development, and our phallic characteristics will effect how successful we are In life. Messages By dazed In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, â€Å"The Absolutely True Dairy of Part-Time Indian,† demonstrates how messages can affect us. The main character, Junior, has always lived by the preconceived idea that he was supposed to conform like everyone else. Unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him; and it affected the thing about the dolls Just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have we want and don’t want. This proves that messages are likely to change how our physical characteristics will effect how successful we are in life. How to cite Messages, Papers

Mckinsey Essays - Organizational Theory, McKinsey Company

Mckinsey Over the decades, McKinsey's success and its reputation have been determined by the quality of its clients not just the institutions, but the individuals. The firm was founded in 1926, when the Universiry of Chicago professor James Mc Kinsey began recruiting experienced executives and trained them to be accounting and engineering advisors. When James O. McKinsey died in the late 1930's Marvin Bower, graduate of Harvard Law as well as Harvard Business School became the leader of his small consulting firm. He believed that management consultants should be professionals and initiated the upgrade of the firms image and broaden associates expertise. He placed client interests first, accepted only those assignments that we are fully qualified to perform and maintained independence and objectivity, even if it means declining or withdrawing from an assignment. The next decade the global economic environment changed drastically but the firm did not respond to those changes accordingly. That lead to a stall in the firms growth. The newly assigned Commission on firm aims and goals researched the problem thoroughly and concluded that the focus on expansion has diluted the professionalism. The recommendations included an increased number of MGM and utilization of narrow-specialized consultants. When Ron Daniel took over the company the Commissions recommendations still were not met. Even worse, the company was feeling pressure from strong and innovative competition. Their local office based model was inadequate to the rising need of information and knowledge sharing. The first important step Daniel did was to emphasize on the training and developing process, creating the first Director of training position. Second step was to initiate structural changes creating cross-geographic Clientele Sectors and encouraging the development of functional ex pertise in the general areas. The concern was that the fine line between the new direction and product driven approach shouldnt be crossed because of the established business relationships in the local offices. Also he attracted well known experts to form a group that will develop and share the existing knowledge of the company. The open minded Fred Gluck contributed much to the innovation starting with the brainstorm strategizing during the Super Group session. He also brought his ideas about the knowledge as a core firms activity and asset. The creation of the 15 virtual Centers of Competence was a revolutionary step towards the functional expertise. That was a very costly project with unspecified budget but he was aiming high. It was actually a long-term blue skying for the practice leaders with one single purpose to collect as much new ideas as possible. Gluck supported the practice development and defended it with Judging by the evidence of the three mini cases, we see that the firm has been somewhat effective iin it's two decade long change process. However, it's not as simple to decipher whther or not it has been successful since each of the three case pointed out some strengths and weaknesses that have resulted from the over two decades of change. The Sydney office case for example, actually proves that the last two decades of management change have had varying differences.. The client on the project was very impressed with the value added in their acces to knowledge, which was one of management's objectives. Also the amount of resources that Stuckey had available was quite large. He was able to organize a team with such diverse members. However, it was a very complex and difficult process finding associates that to complete the team. Stuckey also felt that even though the customer was satisfied, that the company had become very introverted in it'sway of looking at and handling of client challenges. He felt that even though the knowledge systems were helpful, it is also important for the company to focus on new fresh ideas that were not part of the knowledge base. A similar theme was seen in the European Telecom case where the consultants working for McKinsey wanted to implement a new innovative way of sharing information in the telecom industry, which was outside of the traditional inter company knowledge base. Telecom was growing so rapidly that it was difficult for Soderstrom working as the sole intelligent switch, to maintain all of the info coming in about telecom. But their proposals for an